Cocaine Treats Wounds on Children
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Let's say you're driving your son home from a nail-biting extra innings Little League victory. Before you can stop at McDonald's for a congratulatory Happy Meal to cancel out the past three hours of physical activity, you cheerfully let him know that you have to swing by the marina and pick up two bloody duffel bags of Bolivian Marching Powder from Uncle Icepick's cigarette boat.
The errand complete, you're pulling in to the McDonald's parking lot when a hipster rear-ends you at 35 mph because he was too busy sending a self-congratulatory tweet about how he never stops at said McDonald's to notice your turn signal. The duffel bags fly into the front seat, smashing your son's head into the dashboard and opening a substantial gash on his forehead. The first man on the scene says, 'I'm a doctor! Quick, rub that cocaine on your child's face!'
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'Use the pure stuff, not the bag you cut with drain cleaner!'
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med·i·ca·tion
(mĕd′ĭ-kā′shən)n.medication
(ˌmɛdɪˈkeɪʃən) nmed•i•ca•tion
(ˌmɛd ɪˈkeɪ ʃən)n.
Noun | 1. | medication - (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease medicament, medicinal drug, medicine acyclovir, Zovirax - an oral antiviral drug (trade name Zovirax) used to treat genital herpes; does not cure the disease but relieves the symptoms alendronate, Fosamax - a tablet (trade name Fosamax) prescribed to prevent or treat osteoporosis in women after menopause allopurinol, Zyloprim - a drug (trade name Zyloprim) used to treat gout and other conditions in which there is an excessive buildup of uric acid amrinone, Inocor - a drug (trade name Inocor) used intravenously in heart failure; increases strength of contraction of myocardium analgesic, anodyne, pain pill, painkiller - a medicine used to relieve pain angiogenesis inhibitor - a drug that is designed to prevent the growth of blood vessels that nourish tumors antiarrhythmic, antiarrhythmic drug, antiarrhythmic medication - a drug used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm antibacterial, antibacterial drug, bactericide - any drug that destroys bacteria or inhibits their growth anticholinergic, anticholinergic drug - a substance that opposes or blocks the action of acetylcholine anticholinesterase - a medicine that inhibits cholinesterase by combining with it and so has a cholinergic effect anticoagulant, anticoagulant medication, decoagulant - medicine that prevents or retards the clotting of blood anticonvulsant, anticonvulsant drug, antiepileptic, antiepileptic drug - a drug used to treat or prevent convulsions (as in epilepsy) antidepressant, antidepressant drug - any of a class of drugs used to treat depression; often have undesirable side effects antidiabetic, antidiabetic drug - a drug used to treat diabetes mellitus antidiarrheal, antidiarrheal drug - a drug used to control or stop diarrhea antidiuretic, antidiuretic drug - a drug that limits the formation of urine antiemetic, antiemetic drug - a drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting antihistamine - a medicine used to treat allergies and hypersensitive reactions and colds; works by counteracting the effects of histamine on a receptor site antihypertensive, antihypertensive drug - a drug that reduces high blood pressure anti-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory drug - a medicine intended to reduce inflammation antiprotozoal, antiprotozoal drug - a medicinal drug used to fight diseases (like malaria) that are caused by protozoa antipyretic, febrifuge - any medicine that lowers body temperature to prevent or alleviate fever antiseptic - a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues antispasmodic, antispasmodic agent, spasmolytic - a drug used to relieve or prevent spasms (especially of the smooth muscles) antitussive - any medicine used to suppress or relieve coughing antiviral, antiviral agent, antiviral drug - any drug that destroys viruses APC - a drug combination found in some over-the-counter headache remedies (aspirin and phenacetin and caffeine) astringent, astringent drug, styptic - a drug that causes contraction of body tissues and canals atomic cocktail - an oral dose of radioactive substance used in treatment and diagnosis of cancer azathioprine, Imuran - an immunosuppressive drug (trade name Imuran) used to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ blocking agent, blocker - a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process bronchodilator - a drug that relaxes and dilates the bronchial passageways and improves the passages of air into the lungs calcium blocker, calcium-channel blocker - any of a class of drugs that block the flow of the electrolyte calcium (either in nerve cell conduction or smooth muscle contraction of the heart); has been used in the treatment of angina or arrhythmia or hypertension or migraine carminative - medication that prevents the formation of gas in the alimentary tract or eases its passing Atromid-S, clofibrate - a drug (trade name Atromid-S) that reduces lipids in the blood serum; used to treat some cardiovascular diseases clopidogrel bisulfate, Plavix - a blood thinner (trade name Plavix) approved for the treatment of mild heart attacks; works by preventing blood platelets from sticking together to form clots that would restrict blood flow cold medicine - medicine intended to relieve the symptoms of the common cold |
2. | medication - the act of treating with medicines or remedies therapy - (medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.); 'the quarterback is undergoing treatment for a knee injury'; 'he tried every treatment the doctors suggested'; 'heat therapy gave the best relief' antipyresis - medication with antipyretics to treat a fever giving medication, administration - the act of administering medication |
medication
Mental Health Medications And Their Uses
medication
noun1. An agent used to restore health:medication
[ˌmedɪˈkeɪʃən]N (= drugs) → medicaciónfmedication
[ˌmɛdɪˈkeɪʃən]n (= drugs) → médicationfto be on medication → être sous médication
medication
medication
[ˌmɛdɪˈkeɪʃ/ən]n (medicine) → medicinalimpl, farmacimplmed·i·ca·tion
medication
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Medications And Their Purpose
In the hospital setting, emergencies typically occur in emergency departments (EDs) and intensive care units (ICUs). But many also take place in progressive care units or general nursing units. And when they do, they can cause marked anxiety for nurses—especially those unfamiliar or inexperienced with the drugs used in these emergencies.
Generally, the goal of using emergency drugs is to prevent the patient from deteriorating to an arrest situation. This article helps nurses who don’t work in ICUs or EDs to understand emergency drugs and their use.
Under normal circumstances, a registered nurse (RN) needs a physician’s order to administer medications. In emergencies, RNs with advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) certification can give selected drugs based on standing orders, relying on algorithms that outline care for certain emergencies. Wherever possible, nurses should strive to maintain proficiency in basic life support (BLS), as the latest research shows the importance of effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Some non-ICU nurses may want to pursue ACLS training as well.
Drugs for acute coronary syndrome
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. In ACS, a plaque in a coronary artery ruptures or becomes eroded, triggering the clotting cascade. A blood clot forms, occluding the artery and interrupting blood and oxygen flow to cardiac muscle.
Many healthcare providers use the acronym MONA to help them remember the initial medical treatment options for a patient with ACS.
M: morphine
O: oxygen
N: nitroglycerin
A: aspirin.
But keep in mind that while MONA might be easy to remember, the drugs aren’t given in the MONA sequence. They’re given in the order of OANM.
Oxygen
Oxygen (O2) is given if the patient’s O2 saturation level is below 94%. The heart uses 70% to 75% of the oxygen it receives, compared to skeletal muscle, which uses roughly 20% to 25%.
Aspirin
The standard recommended aspirin dosage to treat ACS is 160 to 325 mg, given as chewable “baby” aspirin to speed absorption. Aspirin slows platelet aggregation, reducing the risk of further occlusion or reocclusion of the coronary artery or a recurrent ischemic event.
Nitroglycerin
To help resolve chest pain from ACS, nitroglycerin 0.4 mg is given sublingually via a spray or rapidly dissolving tablet. If the first dose doesn’t reduce chest pain, the dose can be repeated every 3 to 5 minutes for a total of three doses.
A potent vasodilator, nitroglycerin relaxes vascular smooth-muscle beds. It works well on coronary arteries, improving blood flow to ischemic areas. It also decreases myocardial oxygen consumption, allowing the heart to work with a lower oxygen demand. In peripheral vascular beds, nitroglycerin causes vasodilation and reduces preload and afterload, resulting in decreased cardiac workload.
If chest pain recurs once the initial pain resolves or decreases, the patient may be placed on a continuous I.V. infusion of nitroglycerin. Because of the drug’s vasodilatory effects, be sure to institute continuous blood-pressure monitoring.
Morphine
If chest pain doesn’t resolve with sublingual or I.V. nitroglycerin, morphine 2 to 4 mg may be given every 5 to 15 minutes via I.V. push. An opioid acting primarily on receptors that perceive pain, morphine also acts as a venodilator, reducing ventricular preload and cardiac oxygen requirements.
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As with nitroglycerin, the patient’s blood pressure needs to be monitored continuously. If hypotension occurs, elevate the patient’s legs, give I.V. fluids as ordered, and monitor for signs and symptoms of pulmonary congestion.
Other medications for ACS
Metoprolol may be used in the initial treatment of ACS. A cardioselective (beta1 Windows server 2008 32 bit iso file free download. receptor) drug, it’s a beta-adrenergic blocker that dilates peripheral vascular beds, in turn reducing blood pressure, decreasing cardiac workload, and lowering cardiac oxygen demands. It also may have a mild analgesic effect in ACS-related chest pain. The patient’s blood pressure must be monitored. (See Be cautious with beta blockers by clicking on the PDF icon above.)
A primary goal of ACS treatment is to minimize muscle cell damage, which necessitates restoring blood flow to cardiac muscle. Drugs that may be used to reduce expansion of the arterial occlusion or restore blood flow to cardiac muscle include:
- heparin or enoxaparin (a low-molecular-weight heparin), which helps prevent the original arterial clot from expanding and allows it to break down on its own; as a result, the vessel opens and new clot formation is inhibited.
- glycoprotein IIB-IIIa inhibitors, such as abciximab (Reopro). These drugs bind to glycoprotein IIb-IIIa receptor sites on platelets, preventing further aggregation and stopping expansion of the original clot or formation of new clots.
- fibrinolytics, such as reteplase (Retavase) and alteplase (Activase). These agents break down the original clot, opening the vessel for blood flow. (See Drugs used to treat acute coronary syndrome by clicking on the PDF icon above.)
Drugs for arrhythmias
Bradycardias and tachycardias commonly arise during medical emergencies. The primary goal of drug therapy for these arrhythmias is to return the heart rate and rhythm to normal, thereby maximizing cardiac pumping and restoring hemodynamic stability. To achieve this goal, antiarrhythmics are given to slow, speed, or block conduction of the heart’s electrical impulses. A combination of drugs in the proper dosages may resolve bradycardias and tachycardias. (See Drugs used to treat arrhythmias by clicking on the PDF icon above.)
Intervening for bradycardia
In bradycardia, the heart rate slows to a critical point and hemodynamic instability occurs. Usually, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate slower than 60 beats/minute (bpm). But in some patients, hemodynamic instability may occur at faster rates. This instability may manifest as dizziness, light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, hypotension, syncope, chest pain, and altered mental status. Atropine, epinephrine, and dopamine may be used to treat bradycardia, with dosages depending on the acuity and severity of hemodynamic instability.
For symptomatic patients, the healthcare team must determine the cause of bradycardia. In many cases, bradycardia results from use of other drugs, specifically other antiarrhythmics—for instance, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. So those drugs may need to be withheld temporarily until their effects wear off. Beta blockers reduce circulating catecholamine levels, decreasing both the heart rate and blood pressure.
Fl studio 8 torrent. Typically, atropine is the drug of choice for symptomatic bradycardia. An anticholinergic and potent belladonna alkaloid, it increases the heart rate, which improves hemodynamic stability.
Epinephrine may be used as a secondary measure if atropine and temporary heart pacing don’t improve hemodynamic stability. Among other actions, epinephrine stimulates beta1 receptors, causing cardiac stimulation, which in turn increases the heart rate.
Dopamine also may be used to support hemodynamic status by correcting hypotension. It enhances cardiac output, minimally increasing oxygen consumption and causing peripheral vasoconstriction.
If your patient is receiving these I.V. drugs, be sure to monitor for extravasation, which could lead to tissue damage. If possible, use a central line to deliver epinephrine and dopamine.
Intervening for tachycardia
Tachycardia, which usually refers to a heart rate faster than 100 bpm, may result from various cardiac mechanisms. The first step in choosing the right drug is to identify the origin of the arrhythmia. Most tachycardias are classified as one of two types:
- narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias (for instance, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or atrial or multifocal atrial tachycardia)
- wide-QRS-complex tachycardias (for example, ventricular tachycardia or supraventricular tachycardia with aberrancy).
Each type calls for a slightly different treatment. Narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias with a regular rate generally are treated with adenosine, along with beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and/or amiodarone or ibutilide.
With a wide-QRS-complex tachycardia, the first step is to determine if the arrhythmia is a ventricular tachycardia or is conducted with aberrancy. Wide-QRS-complex tachycardias with aberrancy call for the same treatment as narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias. On the other hand, ventricular tachycardia in a patient with a pulse is treated with amiodarone alone or with amiodarone in conjunction with synchronized cardioversion.
Adenosine. This general antiarrhythmic is used mainly as a diagnostic agent to identify the origin of an underlying narrow-QRS-complex tachycardia. It briefly depresses the atrioventricular (AV) node and sinus node activity. When given by rapid I.V. bolus, the drug’s primary action is to slow electrical impulse conduction through the AV node. Be aware that adenosine commonly causes a few seconds of asystole, but because of its short half-life (6 to 10 seconds), the asystole usually is brief. The drug sometimes restores a normal sinus rhythm; if it doesn’t, calcium channel blockers and beta blockers may be given immediately to control the heart rate while amiodarone or ibutilide may be used to help restore a normal sinus rhythm.
Diltiazem. A first-line agent in controlling heart rate in narrow QRS-complex tachycardias, this drug can be used both in patients with preserved cardiac function and in those with impaired ventricular function (ejection fraction below 40%) or heart failure. (Verapamil, another calcium channel blocker, should be used only in patients with preserved cardiac function.)
A calcium channel blocker, diltiazem slows and/or blocks electrical impulse conduction through the AV node, reducing the number of impulses that arrive at the ventricular tissue and slowing the heart rate.
It may cause hypotension secondary to vascular smooth-muscle relaxation. Also, it may block impulses in some narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias that involve AV nodal reentry, thereby terminating the rhythm and restoring normal sinus rhythm.
Other drugs. Occasionally, selected beta blockers are used to help control the heart rate associated with narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias. They include metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, and esmolol. Propranolol isn’t cardioselective and can affect pulmonary function, so it’s used less often. Typically, esmolol is given only in the ICU.
Atenolol is administered as a 5-mg I.V. bolus over 5 minutes. If the patient tolerates the dose and the arrhythmia persists after 10 minutes, an additional bolus of 5 mg may be given over 5 minutes. Metoprolol also is administered I.V. in 5-mg increments over 5 minutes; the dose may be repeated twice, to a total of 15 mg.
Don’t give beta blockers or calcium channel blockers to patients with narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias suspected of being pre-excitation arrhythmias, such as Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. Such arrhythmias allow impulses to flow from the atria to the ventricles through an accessory or alternate pathway. Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers may increase the number of impulses arriving at ventricular tissue, further speeding the heart rate.
Amiodarone. This drug is used to treat certain narrow- and wide-QRS complex tachycardias identified as ventricular tachycardia or tachycardias of unknown origin.
Although a class III antiarrhythmic, it has some properties of all antiarrhythmic classes. Its primary action is to block potassium channels in the cell, but it also prolongs the action potential duration, depresses conduction velocity, slows conduction through and prolongs refractoriness in the AV node, and has some alpha-, beta-, and calcium-channel blocking capabilities.
Dosing depends on circumstances. When used to treat ventricular tachycardia in patients with a pulse, runs of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia, or narrow-QRS-complex tachycardias, amiodarone is given as a bolus of 150 mg over 10 minutes, followed by a continuous I.V. infusion starting at 1 mg/minute for 6 hours and then 0.5 mg/minute for 18 hours. If the patient is on nothing-by-mouth status for an extended time, the infusion can be kept running at 0.5 mg/minute. Otherwise, an oral dose usually is started before the infusion ends.
Any time, any place
Cardiac emergencies can occur at any time in any patient. Being familiar with the actions, dosages, and rationales for commonly used emergency drugs will help you manage any crisis with confidence and efficiency.
Selected references
American Heart Association. ACLS Provider Manual 2006 (with student CD). Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2006.
Colucci W. Treatment of acute decompensated heart failure. 2008. www.UpToDateol.com. Accessed May 21, 2010.
Gahart BL, Nazareno AR. 2008 Intravenous Medications: A Handbook for Nurses and Health Professionals. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2007.
Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14,720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003;58(3):297-308.
2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Management of cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2005;112(suppl 1):IV-58–IV-66.
2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Management of symptomatic bradycardia and tachycardia. Circulation. 2005;112(suppl 1):IV-67–IV-77.
2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Stabilization of the patient with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2005;112(suppl 1):IV-89–IV-110.
Ira Gene Reynolds is a full-time faculty member in the Nursing Program at Provo College in Provo, Utah. The planners and author of this CNE activity have disclosed no relevant financial relationships with any commercial companies pertaining to this activity.
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(CBS News) Illicit drugs are bad for you. Almost every doctor will recommend avoiding recreational drug use, because it can lead to long-term health problems and drug abuse that can ruin personal relationships and even send a person to an early grave.
But while drugs can be dangerous, illicit drugs have been researched for centuries, and some have been found to have surprising therapeutic benefits.
Whether it's a psychological benefit or treating an addiction to one drug with the help of another, several studies document the potential medicinal effects of otherwise illegal drugs.
Keep clicking to see 7 drugs that researchers have found might have a medicinal uses..
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
LSD (Acid)
Lysergic acid diethylamide, known as LSD or acid, comes in tablets, capsules, liquid, or on absorbent paper (pictured left). The hallucinogenic drug produces 'trips' that last about 12 hours and involve unpredictable feelings of panic and fright. Although LSD raises body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, and has even been linked to 'flashbacks' months after use, it may have a sobering effect on alcoholics, according to a recent study.
The study found people with alcohol problems who took LSD reported greater self-acceptance, awareness and motivation to address their alcohol abuse.
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
Marijuana
The most commonly used illegal drug in the U.S. has found many purposes - recreational, spiritual, and medicinal. Uncle Sam even doles out free joint canisters to four Americans who were grandfathered into an experimental government treatment study that looked at marijuana for medicinal reasons. Others are simply authorized to grow medical marijuana on their own. Marijuana has been found to relieve chronic pain, prevent post-traumatic stress disorder, and has even found celebrity advocates such as TV personality Montel Williams.
Currently 16 U.S. states and Washington D.C. have medical marijuana laws on the books.
But marijuana use has also been tied to long-term brain problems, risk for psychotic symptoms, and deadly car crashes.
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
MDMA (Ecstasy)
MDMA, known as ecstasy, XTC or X, is a synthetic drug that produces short-term feelings of emotional warmth, physical energy, and enhanced sensory perception. But it can also cause nausea, chills, muscle cramping and blurred vision. The drug, which grew in popularity as a club drug, was found to potentially hold the key to better treatments for deadly blood cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
Another study found MDMA combined with therapy could help treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
Cocaine
Cocaine, known in its crystal form as 'crack,' is a highly addictive stimulant that is snorted, injected, or smoked. It produces feelings of euphoria while increasing body temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate - thereby also raising risk for heart attacks, respiratory failure, strokes and seizures. Sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine.
Despite its dangers, cocaine has a history of medicinal use, once used as a stimulant for those wasting away from disease or morphine addiction - the latter was especially common following the Civil War - and thought to be a general cure-all, sold as tonics by pharmacists. Cocaine was also one of the earliest anesthetics used for surgery. Some current anesthetics, such as novocaine, use safer versions of the chemical without the psychological effects.
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
Psilocybin (Magic mushrooms)
Psilocybin is a hallucinogen found in certain kinds of fungus, commonly known as psychedelic or magic mushrooms. While consuming these mushrooms produces short-term drug 'trips,' research has found that magic mushrooms may lead to a long-term greater sense of well-being and help treat depression.
Another study found the drug could give people a more 'open' personality, making them more likely to quit smoking or treat anxiety and depression in cancer patients.
'We're not saying go out there and eat magic mushrooms,' Professor David Nutt, a neuropsychopharmacology researcher at Imperial College London and magic mushroom study author said. 'But..this drug has such a fundamental impact on the brain that it's got to be meaningful - it's got to be telling us something about how the brain works.'
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
Ibogaine
Ibogaine is a hallucinogenic drug that's found in African Iboga shrubs and is commonly taken for religious rituals. Despite it being a powerful hallucinogen that's illegal in the U.S., some addiction doctors in other countries are turning to the plant to treat heroin and opioid addiction.
One ibogaine researcher, Dr. Kenneth Alper of NYU Langone Medical Center, told HealthPop last summer that the approach is mostly used for people who fail more conventional treatments. The drug is thought to work for addicts by helping them through potentially deadly withdrawal symptoms, and reportedly changing drug-seeking behavior in some addicts.
Surprising medical uses for illicit drugs
Ketamine
Ketamine, also known as 'Special K,' is a club-drug that puts users in a trance-like state known as a 'K-hole.' The drug is commonly used as a cat tranquilizer by veterinarians, and may cause visual hallucinations, vivid dreams, confusion and disorientation, increased salivation, and problems with heart rhythm and breathing.
But a recent study of depressed patients at Ben Taub General Hospital in Houston found the drug treated people with suicidal depression during the critical stretch when depressed patients were most vulnerable.
'It was a different experience from feeling high. This was feeling that something has been removed,' said Dr. Carlos Zarate, a ketamine researcher at the National Institute of Mental Health.